Are we ready for an adipocentric approach in people living with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease?

We are entering a new era in the management of adiposity-based chronic disease (ABCD) with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related chronic kidney disease (CKD). ABCD, T2D and CKD can affect almost every major organ system and have a particularly strong impact on the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and heart failure. ABCD and the associated insulin resistance are at the root of many cardiovascular, renal and metabolic (CKM) disorders, thus an integrated therapeutic framework using weight loss (WL) as a disease-modifying intervention could simplify the therapeutic approach at different stages across the lifespan. The breakthrough of highly effective WL drugs makes achieving a WL of >10% possible, which is required for a potential T2D disease remission as well as for prevention of microvascular disease, CKD, CVD events and overall mortality. The aim of this review is to discuss the link between adiposity and CKM conditions as well as placing weight management at the centre of the holistic CKM syndrome approach with a focus on CKD. We propose the clinical translation of the available evidence into a transformative Dysfunctional Adipose Tissue Approach (DATA) for people living with ABCD, T2D and CKD. This model is based on the interplay of four essential elements (i.e. adipocentric approach and target organ protection, dysfunctional adiposity, glucose homeostasis, and lifestyle intervention and de-prescription) together with a multidisciplinary person-centred care. DATA could facilitate decision-making for all clinicians involved in the management of these individuals, and if we do this in a multidisciplinary way, we are prepared to meet the adipocentric challenge.

Safety of subcutaneous versus intravenous ceftriaxone administration in older patients: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics play a central role in infection management. In older patients, antibiotics are frequently administered subcutaneously. Ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics after subcutaneous administration is well documented, but little data are available on its safety. METHODS: We compared the occurrence of adverse events associated with ceftriaxone administered subcutaneously versus intravenously in ≥75-year-old patients. We used data from a single-center, retrospective, clinical-administrative database to compare the occurrence of adverse events at day 14 and outcome at day 21 in older patients who received ceftriaxone via the subcutaneous route or the intravenous route at Rennes University Hospital, France, from May 2020 to February 2023. RESULTS: The subcutaneous and intravenous groups included 402 and 3387 patients, respectively. Patients in the subcutaneous group were older and more likely to receive palliative care. At least one adverse event was reported for 18% and 40% of patients in the subcutaneous and intravenous group, respectively (RR = 2.21). Mortality at day 21 was higher in the subcutaneous route group, which could be linked to between-group differences in clinical and demographic features. CONCLUSIONS: In ≥75-year-old patients, ceftriaxone administered by the subcutaneous route is associated with less-adverse events than by the intravenous route. The subcutaneous route, which is easier to use, has a place in infection management in geriatric settings.

Características sociodemográficas, psicológicas y clínicas de una cohorte de personas transgénero de mediana y avanzada edad: importancia de la atención primaria en la asistencia a la transexualidad y diversidad de género / Socio-demographic, psychological and clinical characteristics of a cohort of middle-aged and older transgender persons: the importance of primary health care in supporting transsexuality and gender diversity. Characteristics of a cohort of older transgen

Objetivo: describir la proporción de las personas transgénero mayores de 45 años que solicitan acompañamiento médico o psicológico, así como sus características sociales, historia identitaria, presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, tratamiento hormonal o quirúrgico afirmativo y comorbilidades psiquiátricas.Métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo. Se incluyeron 567 pacientes con incongruencia de género que demandaron atención por la Unidad de Identidad de Género (UIG) del Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset de Valencia en el entre 2012 y 2019 (inclusive).Resultados: un 4,2% de la muestra correspondía a personas mayores de 45 años con una mediana de edad de 52 (RIQ: 50,25-60,25) años. La gran mayoría había experimentado un sentimiento de incongruencia identitaria en la etapa prepuberal o adolescente e hizo el tránsito social durante la edad adulta. Un 25% de las mujeres transgénero se automedicaban antes de acudir a la UIG. Un 29,1% tenía antecedentes de ideación suicida y el 25% había llevado a cabo intentos suicidas. Más de la mitad presentaban al menos dos factores de riesgo cardiovascular y no recibían tratamiento farmacológico específico.Conclusiones: en nuestra muestra, existió una baja proporción de personas trans mayores de 45 años que consultaban en la UIG en comparación con el resto de las franjas etarias más jóvenes. Dicho colectivo se caracterizó por presentar altas tasas de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y comorbilidades psicológicas.(AU)

Aim: to report the proportion of transgender persons aged over 45 who requested medical or psychological care, as well as social characteristics, identity history, cardiovascular risk factors, hormonal or affirmative surgical treatment and psychiatric comorbidities.Methods: cross-sectional, descriptive study. We included 567 patients with gender incongruence who requested care at the Gender Identity Unit (UIG), at Doctor Peset University Hospital (Valencia), from 2012 to 2019.Results: a total of 4.2% of sample corresponded to persons aged over 45, with a median age of 52 [IQR 50.25-60.25]. The vast majority had experienced a feeling of identity incongruity in the prepubertal or adolescent stage and made the social transition during adulthood. A total of 25% of transgender women self-medicated before visiting the UIG; 29.1% had a history of suicidal ideation (IS) and 25% had attempted suicide. More than half presented at least two cardiovascular risk factors and did not receive specific pharmacological treatment.Conclusions: In our sample, there was a low proportion of transgender individuals over the age of 45 who sought care at the IUG compared to younger age groups. This particular group was characterized by high rates of cardiovascular risk factors and psychological comorbidities.(AU)

Self-injurious and suicidal behaviour in a transsexual adolescent and young adult population, treated at a specialised gender identity unit in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal behavior (SB) have a significant prevalence in transsexual people. The published data is confusing as it does not distinguish between ideation and realization, age groups, gender, or the degree of medical intervention. Their actual prevalence in Spain is unknown. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the prevalence of NSSI behavior and SB in adolescents and young transsexual adults, differentiating between ideation and consummated behavior, prior to their receiving any type of gender-affirming medical treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical history of a cohort of transsexual people aged between 10 and 35 years, treated at the Gender Identity Unit of the Valencian Community. We analyzed the data collected regarding the presence of four variables: NSSI ideation, NSSI behavior, ideas of suicide and suicide attempts, as well as differences according to age group and gender. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 110 transsexual men and 90 transsexual women. Of these, 21% had made a suicide attempt, 50% had had suicidal ideas, 31% had a history of NSSI behavior and 35% had had NSSI ideas. No differences were found based on gender. Regarding age, subjects under 20 years of age presented a significantly higher prevalence regarding suicidal ideas compared to young adults (43% vs. 25%), while in the remaining variables, no statistically significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of a history of suicidal ideas and behavior in the Spanish adolescent and young transsexual population is significant and does not differ according to gender or age range. The prevalence of NSSI ideas and behavior differs and is more frequent in adolescent transsexuals.

Self-injurious and suicidal behaviour in a transsexual adolescent and young adult population, treated at a specialised gender identity unit in Spain. / Antecedentes de comportamientos autolesivos y autolíticos en población adolescente y adulta joven transexual, atendida en una unidad especializada en identidad de género en España.

INTRODUCTION: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal behavior (SB) have a significant prevalence in transsexual people. The published data is confusing as it does not distinguish between ideation and realization, age groups, gender, or the degree of medical intervention. Their actual prevalence in Spain is unknown. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the prevalence of NSSI behavior and SB in adolescents and young transsexual adults, differentiating between ideation and consummated behavior, prior to their receiving any type of gender-affirming medical treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical history of a cohort of transsexual people aged between 10 and 35 years, treated at the Gender Identity Unit of the Valencian Community. We analyzed the data collected regarding the presence of four variables: NSSI ideation, NSSI behavior, ideas of suicide and suicide attempts, as well as differences according to age group and gender. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 110 transsexual men and 90 transsexual women. Of these, 21% had made a suicide attempt, 50% had had suicidal ideas, 31% had a history of NSSI behavior and 35% had had NSSI ideas. No differences were found based on gender. Regarding age, subjects under 20 years of age presented a significantly higher prevalence regarding suicidal ideas compared to young adults (43% vs. 25%), while in the remaining variables, no statistically significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of a history of suicidal ideas and behavior in the Spanish adolescent and young transsexual population is significant and does not differ according to gender or age range. The prevalence of NSSI ideas and behavior differs and is more frequent in adolescent transsexuals.

Tendencia de la población española de búsqueda en internet sobre información relacionada con diferentes dietas / Spanish population trends in Internet searches for information on different diets

OBJETIVO: Explorar a través Google Trends las tendencias del interés de la población española sobre información relacionada con diferentes tipos de dietas, focalizadas en las más populares y con estudios de evidencia, a lo largo de los últimos 10 años. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se analizaron las tendencias de búsqueda de los términos «dieta mediterránea», «dieta cetogénica», «dieta baja en grasas», «ayuno intermitente» y «dieta vegana». El volumen relativo de búsqueda (VRB) de cada término fue comparado. La dirección de la tendencia se estudió mediante la correlación de Spearman (CS). RESULTADOS: El término «dieta mediterránea» fue el más buscado, con una mediana de VRB de 16 (rango intercuartil [RI] 6; rango 8-100), aunque siguió una tendencia cronológica decreciente (CS = -0,216). Le siguieron «dieta cetogénica», con VRB de 8 (RI 9; rango 1-57); «dieta vegana», con VRB de 4 (RI 5; rango 0-16); «ayuno intermitente», con VRB de 2 (RI 5; rango 0-27), y «dieta baja en grasas», con VRB de 1,16 (RI 0; rango 0-2). El término con mejor correlación a lo largo del tiempo fue «ayuno intermitente» (CS = 0,96), seguido de «dieta cetogénica» (CS = 0,91) y «dieta vegana» (CS = 0,85). CONCLUSIÓN: En España, el interés de la población sobre la información acerca de la dieta mediterránea es mayor que para otras dietas. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha producido un incremento progresivo en el interés, medido como VRB, en otras dietas, como la dieta cetogénica, la dieta vegana o el ayuno intermitente, y se ha producido una reducción en el interés por la dieta mediterránea. La dieta baja en grasas no genera interés en la población española

OBJECTIVE: To use Google Trends to explore the trends of interest of the Spanish population regarding information related to different types of diets, focused on those that are popular and with evidence-based studies, over the last 10 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The search trends referred to the terms «Mediterranean diet», «ketogenic diet», «low fat diet», «intermittent fasting» and «vegan diet» were analyzed. The relative search volumes (RSV) of the terms were compared. The direction of the trend was studied using the Spearman's correlation coefficient (SC). RESULTS: «Mediterranean diet» was the most widely searched term, with a median RSV of 16 (interquartile range [IQR] 6; range 8-100), though it exhibited a decreasing chronological trend (SC = -0.216). It was followed by «ketogenic diet», with an RSV of 8 (IQR 9; range 1-57); «vegan diet», with an RSV of 4 (IQR 5; range 0-16); «intermittent fasting», with an RSV of 2 (IQR 5; range 0-27), and «low fat diet», with an RSV of 1.16 (IQR 0; range 0-2). The term with the best correlation over time was «intermittent fasting» (SC = 0.96), followed by «ketogenic diet» (SC = 0.91) and «vegan diet» (SC = 0.85). CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, the interest of the population in information about the Mediterranean diet is greater than for other diets. However, in recent years there has been a progressive increase in interest (measured as RSV) in other diets such as the ketogenic diet, vegan diet or intermittent fasting, and there has been a decrease in interest in the Mediterranean diet. The low fat diet does not generate interest in the Spanish population

Demanda, psicopatología, calidad de vida, autoestima y personalidad en personas transexuales adolescentes y adultas jóvenes atendidas en una Unidad de Referencia en Identidad de Género en España / Demand, psychopathology, quality of life, self-esteem and personality in adolescents and young adult transsexuals attended in a Reference Unit in Gender Identity in Spain

OBJETIVO: Evaluar en personas transexuales adolescentes y adultas jóvenes atendidas en una Unidad especializada de Identidad de Género, la evolución de la demanda, la presencia de psicopatología, autoestima, calidad de vida y personalidad. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio transversal en una cohorte de personas transexuales adolescentes y adultas jóvenes sin tratamientos previos de afirmación de género, obtenida mediante muestreo consecutivo que solicitaron atención sanitaria desde 2014 hasta 2017. La medición de las variables fue realizada mediante siete test validados: Inventario para la depresión de Beck-BDI, Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo-STAI-R/E, Escala de Miedo a la Evaluación Negativa-FNE, Escala de Estrés y Evitación Social-SAD, Índice de calidad de vida-QLI-Sp, versión española, Escala de Autoestima-EAE, versión española y Cuestionario de Personalidad de Eysenck-EPI. RESULTADOS: Se analizan las variables recogidas de 190 personas, 110 hombres transexuales (Mujer-Hombre) y 80 mujeres transexuales (Hombre-Mujer), referentes a la evaluación previa al inicio de los tratamientos médicos de afirmación de género. La demanda en los últimos años ha tenido un incremento notable sobre todo en menores de edad, suponiendo el 43,45% de la misma. La ratio en hombres transexuales ha ido aumentado frente a las mujeres transexuales llegando a ser 1,3 frente a 1. El 18% presentaba depresión moderada y el 3% grave. La ansiedad estado estaba presente en el 48% de la muestra de forma moderada y en el 23% de forma severa, con distribución similar a la ansiedad rasgo (43 y 31% respectivamente). El miedo a la evaluación negativa estaba presente en el 5% de los sujetos y el 7% presentaba conductas de evitación social. La mitad de la muestra tenía baja autoestima. El 10% valoraban su calidad de vida como mala o muy mala y el 28% como regular. Un 20% puntúan alto en rasgo de neuroticismo y 21% puntuó en baja extroversión. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variables estudiadas en función del género, ni cuando se compararon adolescentes (10 a 19 años) con personas adultas jóvenes (20-35 años). CONCLUSIONES: Existe un porcentaje importante de personas transexuales adolescentes y adultas jóvenes, qué al iniciar la demanda de tratamientos médicos de afirmación de género, manifiestan clínica depresiva y ansiosa y en menor medida ansiedad social. La mitad de ellas tienen baja autoestima, el 40% considera que su calidad de vida es regular o mala y la quinta parte muestra inestabilidad emocional e introversión. BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CONTENIDO: Hemos analizado la evolución de la demanda asistencial y diferentes variables de salud mental, autoestima, calidad de vida y personalidad, recogidas en los cuestionarios administrados en la evaluación inicial, previa al inicio de tratamientos médicos de afirmación de género, con el fin de detectar las necesidades de apoyo psicoterapéutico que precisa esta población para afrontar con éxito el protocolo de tratamiento médico y la adaptación social en género sentido

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evolution of demand, the presence of psychopathology, self-esteem, quality of life and personality in transgender adolescents and young adults attended in a specialized Unit of Gender Identity. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study in a cohort of adolescent and young adult transsexuals without prior gender affirmation treatments, obtained through consecutive sampling that requested health care from 2014 to 2017. The variables were measured using seven validated tests: Inventory of Beck-BDI depression, State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire-STAI-R / E, Scale of Fear of Negative Evaluation-FNE, Stress Scale and Avoidance Social-SAD, Quality of Life Index-QLI-Sp, Spanish version, Self-Esteem Scale-EAE, Spanish version and Eysenck-EPI Personality Questionnaire. RESULTS: The data collected from 190 people (110 female-to-male (F-M) and 80 male-to-female (M-F) are analyzed, referring to the evaluation prior to the start of medical gender affirmation treatments. Demand in recent years has had a notable increase, especially in minors, representing 43.45% of it. The ratio in transsexual men has been increasing compared to transsexual women, reaching 1.3 compared to 1. 18% had moderate depression and 3% severe. The anxiety state was present in 48% of the sample moderately and in 23% severely, with distribution similar to trait anxiety (43 and 31% respectively). The fear of negative evaluation was present in 5% of the subjects and 7% had social avoidance behaviors. Half of the sample had low self-esteem. 10% valued their quality of life as bad or very bad and 28% as regular. 20% scored high on neuroticism trait and 21% scored low extroversion. No significant differences were found in any of the variables studied according to gender, nor when adolescents (10 to 19 years old) were compared with young adults (20-35 years old). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant percentage of adolescents and young adult transsexuals, which when they start the demand for medical gender affirmation treatments, manifest depressive and anxious clinic and to a lesser extent social anxiety. Half of them have low self-esteem, 40% consider their quality of life to be regular or bad, and a fifth show emotional instability and introversion

Spanish population trends in Internet searches for information on different diets. / Tendencia de la población española de búsqueda en internet sobre información relacionada con diferentes dietas.

OBJECTIVE: To use Google Trends to explore the trends of interest of the Spanish population regarding information related to different types of diets, focused on those that are popular and with evidence-based studies, over the last 10years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The search trends referred to the terms «Mediterranean diet¼, «ketogenic diet¼, «low fat diet¼, «intermittent fasting¼ and «vegan diet¼ were analyzed. The relative search volumes (RSV) of the terms were compared. The direction of the trend was studied using the Spearman's correlation coefficient (SC). RESULTS: «Mediterranean diet¼ was the most widely searched term, with a median RSV of 16 (interquartile range [IQR] 6; range 8-100), though it exhibited a decreasing chronological trend (SC=-0.216). It was followed by «ketogenic diet¼, with an RSV of 8 (IQR 9; range 1-57); «vegan diet¼, with an RSV of 4 (IQR 5; range 0-16); «intermittent fasting¼, with an RSV of 2 (IQR 5; range 0-27), and «low fat diet¼, with an RSV of 1.16 (IQR 0; range 0-2). The term with the best correlation over time was «intermittent fasting¼ (SC=0.96), followed by «ketogenic diet¼ (SC=0.91) and «vegan diet¼ (SC=0.85). CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, the interest of the population in information about the Mediterranean diet is greater than for other diets. However, in recent years there has been a progressive increase in interest (measured as RSV) in other diets such as the ketogenic diet, vegan diet or intermittent fasting, and there has been a decrease in interest in the Mediterranean diet. The low fat diet does not generate interest in the Spanish population.

Circunferência do pescoço: nova medida antropométrica para rastreamento da síndrome metabólica em adolescentes / Circumference of the neck: new anthropometric measurement for metabolic syndrome tracing in adolescents

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a correlação da circunferência do pescoço com resistência insulínica e com componentes da síndrome metabólica em adolescentes púberes. Realizou-se um estudo transversal no qual se avaliaram 36 adolescentes púberes, de 10 a 19 anos que acompanham regularmente em ambulatório de Saúde na Adolescência, portadores da síndrome em questão. Os adolescentes foram submetidos à avalição antropométrica, incluindo circunferência do pescoço, da cintura e razão cintura/estatura, e avaliação de bioquímica do prontuário. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética local sendo assinado o termo de consentimento livre pelo responsável e assentido pelo adolescente. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa estatístico SPSS sendo adotado nível de significância de 5%. Do total dos adolescentes 19 eram do sexo feminino e 17 do sexo masculino. A circunferência do pescoço média do sexo masculino foi de 37,09 ±1,25 e do sexo feminino foi de 35,68 ±0,69, sem diferença entre os sexos (p=0,35). A razão cintura/estatura média do sexo masculino foi de 0,61 ±0,14 e do sexo feminino foi de 0,59 ±0,01, sem diferença entre os sexos (p=0,75). Houve correlação positiva entre a circunferência do pescoço com as seguintes variáveis: índice de massa corpórea (p=0,000), circunferência abdominal (p=0,000), razão cintura/estatura (p=0,01) e HOMA-IR (p=0,02). A circunferência do pescoço correlacionou-se com parâmetros importantes de avalição da síndrome metabólica sendo um instrumento útil para triagem de adolescentes com este quadro.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation of neck circumference with insulin resistance and components of the metabolic syndrome in pubertal adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out in which 36 pubescent adolescents, aged 10 to 19 years, were evaluated and followed regularly in a health clinic for adolescents with the syndrome in discussion. The adolescents were submitted to anthropometric evaluation, including neck circumference, waist and waist / height ratio, and biochemical evaluation of the medical record. The study was approved by the local ethics committee and the consent form was signed by the person responsible and the adolescent. The data were analyzed by the SPSS statistical program and a significance level of 5% was adopted. Of the total number of adolescents, 19 were female and 17 were male. The mean male neck circumference was 37.09 ± 1.25 and the female sex was 35.68 ± 0.69, with no difference between the sexes (p = 0.35). The mean waist / height ratio of males was 0.61 ± 0.14 and female was 0.59 ± 0.01, with no difference between the sexes (p = 0.75). There was a positive correlation between neck circumference with the following variables: body mass index (p = 0.000), waist circumference (p = 0.000), waist / height ratio (p = 0.01) and HOMA-IR (p=0,02). The circumference of the neck correlated with important parameters of metabolic syndrome evaluation, being a useful tool for screening adolescents with this condition.

Prevalência de excesso de peso entre estudantes de ensino fundamental de escola pública e privada em Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil / Prevalence of overweight among students of public and private elementary and middle schools in Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil / Prevalencia de sobrepeso entre los estudiantes de primaria en escuelas públicas y privadas en Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil

Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em um grupo de estudantes e investigar se há correlacão entre IMC (índice de massa corporal) e renda familiar. Métodos: Estudo tipo transversal, realizado com 213 estudantes do ensino fundamental de escola pública (EPU) e privada (EPR), com idade entre 10 e 14 anos, aprovado pelo comitê de ética local e mediante assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido pelos estudantes e os responsáveis por eles. Os estudantes foram pesados e medidos e o IMC foi calculado; os dados foram avaliados com base nos gráficos da OMS para IMC conforme o sexo. Os estudantes responderam ao questionário socioeconômico segundo o critério da ABEP. A análise dos dados foi realizada usando o programa SPSS. Foi adotado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Prevalência global de excesso de peso (sobrepeso) na amostra estudada foi de 41,3%. Na comparação dos resultados isolados, a frequência de excesso de peso foi maior em alunos da escola particular (47,3%) do que nos da escola pública (32,1%), com significância estatística (p=0,03). A frequência de excesso de peso nos meninos da EPR foi maior do que nos da EPU (23,3% versus 14,3%; p=0,05). Nas meninas, verificou-se a mesma tendência, sem, todavia, significância estatística (24,0% versus 17,9%; p=0,18). Houve correlação positiva entre IMC e renda familiar (r=0,14, p=0,04). Conclusão: Cerca de 40% dos estudantes entrevistados apresentaram excesso de peso, com prevalência maior entre os meninos da escola particular. É relevante o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção da obesidade em todos os níveis da sociedade, pois há potenciais riscos à saúde na vida adulta.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a sample of students and investigate the correlation between BMI (body mass index) and family income. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted with 213 primary school students of public (PUS) and private (PRS) schools, aged between 10 and 14 years. This study was approved by the local Ethics Committee, and students and parents who were willing to participate could only do it by signing a consent form. Students were weighed and measured, and the BMI was calculated, the resulting data were evaluated according to the WHO BMI charts related to sex. The students answered a questionnaire on socioeconomic status according to the 'ABEP' charts. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, with 5% significance level. Results: The total prevalence of overweight in the sample studied was of 41.3%. Comparing the individual results, the frequency of overweight was higher for private school (47.3%) than for public school (32.1%) children, with statistical significance (p=0.03). The frequency of overweight among PRS boys was higher than among the PUS boys (23.3% versus 14.3%, p=0.05). In girls, the same trend was observed, but with no statistical significance (24.0% versus 17.9%, p=0.18). There was a positive correlation between BMI and family income (r=0.14, p=0.04). Conclusion: About 40% of the students who participated in the study were overweight, with higher prevalence among private school boys. It is important to establish strategies to prevent obesity at all levels of society, considering the potential health risks for those overweight children when they reach adulthood.

Objetivo: Los objetivos de esto estudio fueron evaluar la prevalencia del sobrepeso y obesidad en una muestra de estudiantes e investigar si hay correlación entre el IMC (índice de masa corporal) y el ingreso familiar. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en 213 estudiantes del primaria de escuela pública (EPU) y privada (EPR), con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 14 años. Este estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética local, mediante la firma de un consentimiento informado, libre y claro, por los estudiantes y sus padres. Los estudiantes fueron pesados y medidos y se calculó el IMC; los datos resultantes fueron evaluados de acuerdo con los gráficos de la OMS para IMC para hombres y mujeres. Los estudiantes respondieron a un cuestionario sobre la situación socioeconómica a discreción de ABEP. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante el programa SPSS, con el nivel de significancia de 5%. Resultados y discusión: La prevalencia global de sobrepeso en la muestra estudiada fue de 41,3%. Comparando los resultados de forma aislada, la frecuencia de sobrepeso fue significativamente mayor (p=0,03) para los alumnos de las escuelas privadas (47,3%) que para los de escuela pública (32,1%). La frecuencia de sobrepeso entre los varones de EPR fue mayor que entre los de la EPU (23,3% versus 14,3%, p=0,05). Se observó la misma tendencia para las niñas pero sin significación estadística (24,0% versus 17,9%; p=0,18). Se observó una correlación positiva entre el IMC y el ingreso familiar (r=0,14, p=0,04). Conclusión: Alrededor del 40% de los estudiantes encuestados tenían sobrepeso, con mayor frecuencia entre los niños de la escuela privada. Es relevante el desarrollo de estrategias para prevenir la obesidad en todos los niveles de la sociedad, teniendo en cuenta los riesgos potenciales para la salud en la edad adulta.

Estudo das adipocitoquinas (leptina e adiponectina) do cordão umbilical: relação com o crescimento perinatal / Study of adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) from the umbilical cord: relationship with perinatal growth

O tecido adiposo secreta uma série de proteínas com importância metabólica, como a leptina e adiponectina. A leptina é uma proteína de 16-kDa, sintetizada pelos adipócitos e também pela placenta. Em camundongos, a leptina apresenta papel importante na função neuroendócrina, na fertilidade, na obesidade e diabetes. Nos seres humanos, a leptina está correlacionada com a massa gorda corpórea e balanço energético, além de apresentar variações conforme o sexo e o desenvolvimento puberal. Estudos recentes apontam que a leptina está diretamente relacionada com o processo de regulação de ganho de peso perinatal. No entanto, não existem estudos no Brasil sobre a variabilidade da leptina conforme o crescimento perinatal. A adiponectina é uma proteína com 244 aminoácidos que está paradoxalmente reduzida em pacientes obesos e está inversamente relacionada com os níveis de leptina. Estudos demonstram que a adiponectina possui propriedades anti-inflamatórias e anti-aterogênicas. Há carências de estudos que avaliem suas concentrações em recém-nascidos. Os objetivos deste estudo mediante a apresentação de quatro artigos foram: avaliar a influência da leptina e da adiponectina do sangue do cordão umbilical no crescimento perinatal, por meio da comparação dos seus valores conforme sexo do recém-nascido, idade gestacional, índice ponderal, peso e comprimento de nascimento; verificar se existe corrrelação entre leptina e hormônios sexuais (estradiol e testosterona do cordão umbilical) e determinar se o tabagismo matemo altera os níveis de leptina e adiponectina do cordão umbilical. Em todos os artigos realizou-se pesquisa transversal, em recém-nascidos adequados para idade gestacional, sendo dosados os níveis das adipocitoquinas do cordão umbilical. A análise dos resultados do primeiro artigo ..J .I demonstrou que a leptina do cordão umbilical correlaciona-se positivamente com a idade gestacional, peso, comprimento e índice ponderal do recém-nascimento...

The adipose tissue secretes a variety of honnones with metabolical importance,. such as leptin and adiponectin. Leptin is 16-kDa protein, produced by adipocytes and placenta. In rats, leptin plays an important role in the neuroendocrine function, fertility, obesity and diabetes. In the human beings, leptin is correlated with body fat mass and energy balance, besides this hormone presents variations according to gender and puberal development. Recent studies point that leptin is directly related with the regulation process of neonatal weight gain. However, there are no studies in Brazil about leptin variability in newborns. Adiponectin is a 244-amino acid adipocyte-derived protein that is paradoxically reduced in obese patients and inversely related to leptin concentrations. Some reports demonstrated that adiponectin is a adipokine with anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic properties. There are very few reports about adiponectin concentrations in newborns. The aim of this . I I study by the presentation of four articles were: to evaluate the influence of cord blood leptin and adiponectin in the neonatal growth, through the comparison of their values according to gender, gestational age, birth weight, length and newborns ponderal index; to verify if there is a correlation between leptin and sexual hormones (estradiol and testosterone in the umbilical cord blood) and to detennine whether maternal smoking modifies leptin and adiponectin levels in the umbilical cord blood. Cross-sectional research had been done in all articles, the subjects selected were all appropriate for gestational age newborns and also the adipokines levels had been dosed in the umbilical cord blood. The analysis of the results on the first article demonstrated that the levels of leptin were correlated positively with gestational age, weight, length and newborns' ponderal index, suggesting leptin participation in the process of neonatal growth. Moreover...

[Leptin as a marker of sexual dimorphism in newborn infants]. / Leptina como marcadora do dimorfismo sexual em recém-nascidos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine cord blood leptin levels in newborns appropriate for gestational age, according to gender, birth weight, birth height and ponderal index. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 132 term newborns appropriate for gestational age (68 females, 64 males), gestational age between 35-42 weeks. Data were collected through interviews with the mothers at the maternity, anthropometrycal study of the newborns, and cord blood estradiol, testosterone and leptin assays obtained immediately after birth. RESULTS: The levels of leptin were significantly higher in females than in males (8.34+/-0.65 ng/ml versus 6.06+/-0.71 ng/ml; p = 0.000). The concentrations of estradiol and testosterone did not differ between males and females. Leptin levels were positively correlated with gestational age (r = 0.394, p < 0.01), birth weight (r = 0.466, p < 0.01), birth length (r = 0.335, p < 0.01) and ponderal index (r = 0.326, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Leptin concentration in the umbilical cord is positively correlated with gestational age, birth weight, birth height, and ponderal index, suggesting its participation in the neonatal growth process. In addition, a gender difference with higher levels of leptin in females neonates was observed, suggesting that the sexual dimorphism in relation to body composition already exists in newborns.

Leptina como marcadora do dimorfismo sexual em recém-nascidos / Leptin as a marker of sexual dimorphism in newborn infants

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os níveis de leptina do cordão umbilical em recém-nascidos adequados para a idade gestacional conforme sexo, peso, comprimento e índice ponderal de nascimento. MÉTODO: Estudo tipo transversal, envolvendo 132 recém-nascidos adequados para idade gestacional (68 do sexo feminino, 64 do sexo masculino), com idade gestacional de 35-42 semanas. Os dados foram obtidos mediante entrevista com as mães na maternidade, pelo estudo antropométrico dos recém-nascidos e pela dosagem de leptina, estradiol e testosterona no cordão umbilical por meio da coleta imediata após o parto. RESULTADOS: Os recém-nascidos do sexo feminino apresentaram níveis de leptina significativamente maiores que os do sexo masculino (8,34±0,65 ng/ml versus 6,06±0,71 ng/ml; p = 0,000). Os níveis de estradiol e testosterona não variaram conforme o sexo. A leptina se correlacionou positivamente com idade gestacional (r = 0,394, p < 0,01), peso (r = 0,466, p < 0,01), comprimento (r = 0,335, p < 0,01) e índice ponderal (r = 0,326, p < 0,01) dos recém-nascidos. CONCLUSÕES: A leptina do cordão umbilical se correlaciona positivamente com idade gestacional, peso, comprimento e índice ponderal do recém-nascido, sugerindo sua participação no processo de crescimento neonatal. Além disso, os recém-nascidos do sexo feminino têm níveis séricos de leptina maiores que os do sexo masculino, sugerindo que o dimorfismo sexual relacionado à composição corporal já possa existir em recém-nascidos.

Hyperadiponectinemia in newborns: relationship with leptin levels and birth weight.

OBJECTIVE: Adiponectin is the only adipose-specific hormone that, despite its exclusive production by adipose tissue, is reduced in obesity and is inversely correlated with leptin levels in adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adiponectin concentration in umbilical cord blood at different gestational ages and to investigate its possible associations with leptin levels and birth weight. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Umbilical cord blood was obtained from 132 newborns (male = 65, female = 67, gestational age: 35 to 42 weeks). The anthropometric variables of the newborns studied were birth weight, birth length, body weight/body length, and ponderal index. Adiponectin, insulin, and leptin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay methods. RESULTS: Adiponectin levels in males were not different from those in females (24.10 +/- 0.81 vs. 25.62 +/- 0.84 micro g/mL, p = 0.280). Adiponectin concentrations were positively correlated with birth weight (p < 0.05), birth length (p < 0.05), body weight/body length (p < 0.05), gestational age (p < 0.01), and leptin levels (p < 0.01). DISCUSSION: These findings indicate that adiponectin is present in umbilical cord blood after 35 to 42 weeks of gestation, with higher levels than those usually found in adults, no gender differences, and a positive correlation with birth weight and leptin. These results suggest that not only could neonatal hyperadiponectinemia be associated with the increase of adiponectin production by fetal adipose tissue but also with a possible reduction in an unknown mechanism related to the suppression of adiponectin observed in adults.

Associação entre Índice de Massa Corpórea e hábitos sedentários em estudantes adolescentes / Body Mass Index and sedentary habits in adolescent students

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a freqüência de sobrepeso em estudantes adolescentes e correlacionar Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) com hábitos sedentários. A amostra compreendeu 131 estudantes (62 meninas e 69 meninos), com idade entre 11 e 16 anos. O instrumento da pesquisa foi um questionário padronizado e anônimo para investigar os hábitos sedentários. Os adolescentes foram pesados e medidos para o cálculo do IMC. O diagnóstico de sobrepeso foi feito utilizando gráficos de índice de massa corpórea, segundo idade e sexo (OMS, 1995). Aproximadamente, um quarto dos adolescentes apresentou sobrepeso. Hábitos sedentários foram encontrados na população adolescente de um modo geral, independentemente do IMC. A prática adequada de atividade física foi relatada por 57 por cento dos adolescentes, não havendo associação com o IMC. O hábito de comer enquanto assiste à televisão foi estatisticamente maior em adolescentes com IMC normal. Observou-se que 80,8 por cento dos estudantes com IMC normal relataram que comem assistindo à televisão, enquanto somente 50 por cento dos estudantes obesos referiram possuir este hábito. A referência sobre ingestão alimentar pelos indivíduos com sobrepeso poderia estar subestimada, pois o modelo empregado de inquérito alimentar poderia levá-los a ocultar o real hábito alimentar.